Since I am working with roman wagons it comes natural to me, to place land-transportation on an equal footing with transport on wagons. There are other means of land-transportation, though, and they are visible in the roman carvings, too.
Especially two kinds of transport pop into mind as alternatives to wagon-transport; walking and transporting on a pack-animal, often a donkey or a mule. On the latter a scene on a burial-monument in Igel by Trier, Germany, illustrates it quite well (see 
drawing). Here, a man and his animal are seen (twice) crossing a mountain area, which is one of the great advantages in this type of transport, since not all wagons can cross these areas and those who can will need some kind of road.
The other kind of land-transportation is best exemplified in carvings showing transportation of troops. The roman army had a need for transporting large amounts of soldiers very fast between various places in the empire, which again might be one of the main reasons for the road-network. These troops where walking and carrying all their goods, I believe some 25-30 kg each, themselves. Scenes where troops are seen walking together, are especially common on the larger monuments in Rome, where the two 
columns telling the stories about the Dacian Wars of Emperor Trajan (98-117) and Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180) wars against some Germanic tribes, probably the Marcomanes, carry more scenes of different aspects of war. One scene in particular is interesting here since it combines land- and water-transportation (see photo right). It is from the column of Marcus Aurelius and show the soldiers crossing a bridge made of boats, a pontoon-bridge. It was necessary for the army to cross the Danube, and therefor the roman engineers made a “floating” bridge during the night.
